超聲波清洗技術(shù)的發(fā)展史可以追溯到20世紀(jì)初，隨著科技的進(jìn)步和工業(yè)的發(fā)展，超聲波清洗技術(shù)逐漸成為一種重要的清洗手段，廣泛應(yīng)用于各個(gè)行業(yè)。隨著時(shí)間的推移，超聲波清洗技術(shù)得到了不斷的改進(jìn)和完善。超聲波是頻率高于20 kHz且不引起聽覺的機(jī)械彈性波。超聲波在介質(zhì)中傳播的過程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生壓力波，擾動(dòng)介質(zhì)中的粒子，從而形成空腔或氣泡。在連續(xù)循環(huán)超聲波作用下，不斷增長(zhǎng)的空腔變得不穩(wěn)定，最終坍塌，從而產(chǎn)生高溫和高壓，從宏觀和微觀層面影響生物材料和組織，達(dá)到促進(jìn)分離或變性的目的。因此，超聲波作為一種現(xiàn)代化技術(shù)，在食品加工中也有很大的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。本文主要給大家科普一下超聲波清洗的原理、優(yōu)點(diǎn)、設(shè)備組成、超聲波清洗的工藝參數(shù)選擇以及一些研究案例等，為后續(xù)在家禽屠宰中的應(yīng)用提供思路支持。

　　The development history of ultrasonic cleaning technology can be traced back to the early 20th century. With the advancement of technology and industrial development, ultrasonic cleaning technology has gradually become an important cleaning method and is widely used in various industries. With the passage of time, ultrasonic cleaning technology has been continuously improved and perfected. Ultrasonic waves are mechanical elastic waves with frequencies above 20 kHz that do not cause hearing. During the propagation of ultrasound in a medium, pressure waves are generated, which disturb particles in the medium and form cavities or bubbles. Under the continuous cycle of ultrasound, the growing cavity becomes unstable and eventually collapses, resulting in high temperature and high pressure, which affects biological materials and tissues at both macroscopic and microscopic levels, achieving the goal of promoting separation or denaturation. Therefore, ultrasound, as a modern technology, also has great application value in food processing. This article mainly explains the principle, advantages, equipment composition, process parameter selection of ultrasonic cleaning, and some research cases of ultrasonic cleaning, providing ideological support for its subsequent application in poultry slaughtering.

　　1、超聲波清洗技術(shù)

　　1. Ultrasonic cleaning technology

　　1.1 超聲波清洗原理

　　1.1 Ultrasonic cleaning principle

　　超聲波清洗原理是通過超聲波在液體中傳播的音波壓強(qiáng)達(dá)到一個(gè)大氣壓時(shí)，其功率密度為0.35w/cm2，這時(shí)超聲波的音波壓強(qiáng)峰值就可達(dá)到真空或負(fù)壓，但實(shí)際上無負(fù)壓存在。在液體中產(chǎn)生一個(gè)很大的力，將液體分子拉裂成空洞——空化核。由于受到超聲波的輻射，使槽內(nèi)液體中的微氣泡能夠在聲波的作用下從而保持振動(dòng)。這些微氣泡在聲波的作用下不斷地振動(dòng)、膨脹、收縮，最終被拉斷成微小的氣泡，從而達(dá)到清洗的目的（圖 1）。

　　The principle of ultrasonic cleaning is that when the pressure of the ultrasonic wave propagating in the liquid reaches one atmosphere, the power density is 0.35w/cm2. At this point, the peak pressure of the ultrasonic wave can reach vacuum or negative pressure, but in reality, there is no negative pressure present. A large force is generated in the liquid, which pulls the liquid molecules apart into cavities - cavitation nuclei. Due to the radiation of ultrasonic waves, microbubbles in the liquid inside the tank can maintain vibration under the action of sound waves. These microbubbles continuously vibrate, expand, and contract under the action of sound waves, and are eventually pulled apart into tiny bubbles to achieve the purpose of cleaning (Figure 1).

　　圖片

　　Picture

　　超聲波清洗相比其他清洗具有洗凈率高、殘留物少、對(duì)工件表面無損、清洗時(shí)間短、清洗效果好、不受清洗件表面形狀限制、整機(jī)一體化結(jié)構(gòu)便于移動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)，同時(shí)節(jié)省了溶劑、清潔紙、能源、工作場(chǎng)地、人工。超聲波發(fā)生器具有D類工作放大（是一種基于 “開關(guān)模式” 的功率放大技術(shù)，核心特點(diǎn)是通過晶體管的高速開關(guān)狀態(tài)實(shí)現(xiàn)高效能量轉(zhuǎn)換，與傳統(tǒng)線性放大器（如 A 類、B 類、AB 類）有本質(zhì)區(qū)別，換能器的電聲效率高，高效節(jié)能的特點(diǎn)，同時(shí)也是一種高效、高質(zhì)量、容易實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化的清洗技術(shù)，配合使用非 ODS（無消耗臭氧層物質(zhì)清洗劑）清洗劑具有綠色環(huán)保清洗作用。

　　Compared with other cleaning methods, ultrasonic cleaning has the characteristics of high cleaning rate, less residue, no damage to the surface of the workpiece, short cleaning time, good cleaning effect, not limited by the shape of the cleaning surface, and easy to move integrated structure of the whole machine. At the same time, it saves solvents, cleaning paper, energy, workspace, and labor. The ultrasonic generator has Class D working amplification (a power amplification technology based on "switch mode", with the core feature of achieving efficient energy conversion through the high-speed switching state of transistors), which is fundamentally different from traditional linear amplifiers (such as Class A, Class B, Class AB). The transducer has high electroacoustic efficiency and energy-saving characteristics, and is also an efficient, high-quality, and easy to automate cleaning technology. When used in conjunction with non ODS (non ozone depleting substance cleaning agents) cleaning agents, it has a green and environmentally friendly cleaning effect.

　　圖片

　　Picture

　　圖2  超聲波在液體介質(zhì)中產(chǎn)生的效應(yīng)

　　Figure 2 Effects of Ultrasonic Waves in Liquid Media

　　如圖2所示，超聲波在傳播過程中的振動(dòng)交替的情況使得小范圍內(nèi)產(chǎn)生熱量，稱為熱效應(yīng)；振動(dòng)使得液體介質(zhì)中的微小氣泡壓縮與膨脹繼而爆炸，稱為空化效應(yīng)；空化泡在空化效應(yīng)作用下爆炸時(shí)引起液體的霧化，稱為霧化效應(yīng)；當(dāng)超聲波在液體介質(zhì)中傳播時(shí)，產(chǎn)生的震動(dòng)使液體介質(zhì)位移以沖擊清洗物表面，稱為聲流效應(yīng)；利用超聲在液體介質(zhì)中產(chǎn)生的空化效應(yīng)、熱效應(yīng)、聲流效應(yīng)和一定程度的霧化效應(yīng)，使得超聲清洗有著優(yōu)于其他清洗方式的特點(diǎn)

　　As shown in Figure 2, the alternating vibration of ultrasonic waves during propagation generates heat in a small range, known as the thermal effect; Vibration causes tiny bubbles in liquid media to compress and expand, leading to explosions, known as cavitation effect; When cavitation bubbles explode under the effect of cavitation, it causes the atomization of liquid, which is called atomization effect; When ultrasound propagates in a liquid medium, the vibration generated causes the liquid medium to shift and impact the surface of the cleaning object, which is called the acoustic flow effect; By utilizing the cavitation effect, thermal effect, acoustic flow effect, and a certain degree of atomization effect generated by ultrasound in liquid media, ultrasonic cleaning has advantages over other cleaning methods

　　1.2 超聲波清洗優(yōu)點(diǎn)

　　1.2 Advantages of Ultrasonic Cleaning

　　超聲波清洗是一種先進(jìn)的清洗技術(shù)，他利用超聲波在液體中產(chǎn)生的空化作用，使清洗液產(chǎn)生大量的微小氣泡，這些氣泡在超聲波的作用下迅速收縮，產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的沖擊波和微射流。這種清洗方式具有以下幾種顯著特點(diǎn)：

　　Ultrasonic cleaning is an advanced cleaning technology that utilizes the cavitation effect generated by ultrasound in liquid to produce a large number of tiny bubbles in the cleaning solution. These bubbles quickly contract under the action of ultrasound, producing strong shock waves and microjets. This cleaning method has the following significant characteristics:

　　高效：超聲波清洗具有很高的清洗效率，可以在短時(shí)間去除大量的污垢。傳統(tǒng)的清洗方式往往需要較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間才能達(dá)到同樣的清洗效果，而超聲波清洗則可以在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成清洗任務(wù)，提高生產(chǎn)效率。

　　Efficient: Ultrasonic cleaning has high cleaning efficiency and can remove a large amount of dirt in a short period of time. Traditional cleaning methods often require a longer time to achieve the same cleaning effect, while ultrasonic cleaning can complete the cleaning task in a shorter time, improving production efficiency.

　　徹底：由于超聲波清洗產(chǎn)生的氣泡數(shù)量眾多，且氣泡的直徑較小，因此能夠深入到被清洗物體的細(xì)微縫隙中進(jìn)行清洗。這使得超聲波清洗具有很好的徹底性，能夠有效地去除各種類型的污垢，包括油脂等。

　　Thoroughly: Due to the large number of bubbles generated by ultrasonic cleaning and the small diameter of the bubbles, they can penetrate into the subtle gaps of the cleaned object for cleaning. This makes ultrasonic cleaning very thorough and effective in removing various types of dirt, including grease, etc.

　　無損：超聲波清洗對(duì)被清洗物體的損傷較小，不會(huì)對(duì)產(chǎn)品表面造成劃痕或者磨損。此外，由于超聲波清洗過程中產(chǎn)生的氣泡沖擊力較弱，因此不會(huì)對(duì)精密零件造成損傷。這對(duì)于精密儀器和電子元器件的清洗尤為重要。

　　Non destructive: Ultrasonic cleaning causes minimal damage to the cleaned object and does not cause scratches or wear on the surface of the product. In addition, due to the weak impact force of bubbles generated during ultrasonic cleaning, it will not cause damage to precision parts. This is particularly important for cleaning precision instruments and electronic components.

　　環(huán)保：超聲波清洗使用的清洗液通常是水或者含有少量溶劑的溶液，這些溶液可以循環(huán)使用，減少對(duì)化學(xué)品的消耗，降低對(duì)環(huán)境的污染。同時(shí)，超聲波清洗過程中產(chǎn)生的廢氣和廢液較少，有利于環(huán)境保護(hù)。

　　Environmental Protection: The cleaning solution used for ultrasonic cleaning is usually water or a solution containing a small amount of solvent, which can be recycled to reduce the consumption of chemicals and pollution to the environment. Meanwhile, the ultrasonic cleaning process generates less exhaust gas and waste liquid, which is beneficial for environmental protection.

　　自動(dòng)化程度高：超聲波清洗設(shè)備通常具有自動(dòng)加熱、自動(dòng)計(jì)時(shí)、自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)功率等功能。操作簡(jiǎn)便，易于實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)，有助于降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高生產(chǎn)安全性。

　　High degree of automation: Ultrasonic cleaning equipment usually has functions such as automatic heating, automatic timing, and automatic power adjustment. Easy to operate and implement automated production, which helps reduce labor intensity and improve production safety.

　　應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域廣泛：超聲波清洗技術(shù)應(yīng)用于各種行業(yè)和領(lǐng)域，如電子、光學(xué)、機(jī)械、醫(yī)藥、化工、食品等；特別是對(duì)于一些難以清洗的零部件和元器件，超聲波清洗具有很大優(yōu)勢(shì)。并且各種清洗方式的清洗效果如圖 3所示，雖然傳統(tǒng)的刷洗技術(shù)可以獲得良好的清潔度，但它的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、耗費(fèi)的時(shí)間以及其他相應(yīng)的費(fèi)用都是一大挑戰(zhàn)，而超聲波清潔技術(shù)則是一種可以有效減少勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、提高工作效率的有效技術(shù)。

　　Widely applicable fields: Ultrasonic cleaning technology is applied in various industries and fields, such as electronics, optics, machinery, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food, etc; Especially for some difficult to clean parts and components, ultrasonic cleaning has great advantages. And the cleaning effects of various cleaning methods are shown in Figure 3. Although traditional brushing techniques can achieve good cleanliness, their labor intensity, time consumption, and other corresponding costs are all major challenges. Ultrasonic cleaning technology is an effective technology that can effectively reduce labor intensity and improve work efficiency.

　　1.3 超聲波清洗設(shè)備的基本組成

　　1.3 Basic components of ultrasonic cleaning equipment

　　超聲波清洗設(shè)備無論功率大小，基本上由超聲波清洗槽、超聲波換能器、超聲波發(fā)生器三部分組成。其中超聲波發(fā)生器是產(chǎn)生超聲波信號(hào)的部分，它將電信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換為高頻機(jī)械振動(dòng)信號(hào)；聲波換能器是將超聲波信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械振動(dòng)信號(hào)并傳遞給清洗液的部分；超聲波清洗槽是用來裝載被清洗物體的容器，通常是方形槽體，底部會(huì)有微小的孔洞，以便產(chǎn)生氣泡。

　　Ultrasonic cleaning equipment, regardless of power, is basically composed of three parts: ultrasonic cleaning tank, ultrasonic transducer, and ultrasonic generator. The ultrasonic generator is the part that generates ultrasonic signals, which converts electrical signals into high-frequency mechanical vibration signals; The acoustic transducer is the part that converts ultrasonic signals into mechanical vibration signals and transmits them to the cleaning solution; Ultrasonic cleaning tank is a container used to load the object to be cleaned, usually a square tank with small holes at the bottom to generate bubbles.

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